The Kookaburra Square Penny and Halfpenny 1919, 1920 & 1921.

Australia entered a modern age post World War I and for many Australians, it was a time for breaking out, of questioning and changing old values and behaviour and enjoying the good life.

It was a time of great change. People forgot the old and embraced the new in an attempt to leave the hardship and struggles of the war behind them. New technology was being created, like toasters and cars, things that today we take for granted. The fashion world was exploding, Australians embracing great change in their styles of dress.

Australians were identifying with their own culture, keen to lessen the emotional and cultural ties with Great Britain.

Creating a new, totally Australian coinage was a part of the deal which is why the Government floated the idea of the Kookaburra Penny envisaging a coin that would be unique to Australia.

The Government's plan was to discard the British-styled penny and halfpenny and to create a coin with a typically Australian design featuring the nation's native bird, the kookaburra. To maximise impact, a new shape was planned with the move from circular to square. And bronze was to be discarded and a new metal taken up, that of cupro-nickel.

Tests began at the Melbourne Mint in 1919 and continued for three years, ending in 1921.

Today there are approximately 200 kookaburra coins held by private collectors, making it on a par for rarity with the 1813 Holey Dollar, the nation's first silver coin.  And the 1852 Adelaide Pound, the nation's first gold coin.

The best thing for collectors is that the 200 kookaburra pennies do not bear the same design. The Melbourne Mint tested thirteen different styles introducing enormous interest, personal choice and procurement challenges into the series, for some designs are far rarer than others.

The 1919 Type 6 Kookaburra Penny.
Superb quality and extremely rare,
exhibited in 2007 at the 'Kookas' in the Cathedral' Exhibition.

The 1920 Type 9 Kookaburra Penny.
Superb quality and extremely rare,
exhibited in 2007 at the 'Kookas' in the Cathedral' Exhibition.

In 1919, the Melbourne Mint tested four different kookaburra penny designs striking the coins in cupro-nickel. They are referred to as the Type 3, Type 4, Type 5 and Type 6.

The Type 3 is the most readily available of those dated 1919. And the most popular. The simple reason for their popularity is that they are accessible. While you might have to wait two years for a nice Type 3, you could be waiting a decade for the others.

It also has to be noted that as the other types are far scarcer, that rarity comes at a much, much higher price.

Our estimates on the numbers of cupro-nickel 1919 kookaburra pennies available to private collectors.

Type 3 Kookaburra Penny         15             

Type 4 Kookaburra Penny          4  

Type 5 Kookaburra Penny          8

Type 6 Kookaburra Penny          8    

In 1920, the Melbourne Mint tested five different kookaburra penny designs and they are referred to as the Type 7, Type 8, Type 9, Type 10 and Type 13. In the same year, the mint tested a kookaburra halfpenny referred to as the Type 1.

The year 1920 is a powerful one in the numismatic industry for it holds some of Australia's greatest coin rarities that include the nation's rarest florin, most valuable sovereign, most valuable shilling and the most valuable square kookaburra in the 1920 Kookaburra Halfpenny. As a consequence, the kookaburra coins dated 1920 are viewed as the 'glamour' coins of the entire series.

*Two examples of the Type 13 Kookaburra Penny were discovered in a stocktake in the Museum of Victoria in the 1970s. Fondly referred to as, the 'raised-tail kooka', no examples are believed privately held.

Our estimates on the numbers of cupro-nickel 1920 kookaburra coins available to private collectors.

Type 1 Kookaburra Halfpenny              3 

Type 7 Kookaburra Penny                   12 

Type 8 Kookaburra Penny                     4 

Type 9 Kookaburra Penny                     7 

Type 10 Kookaburra Penny                   7 

Type 13 Kookaburra Penny                   0*

In 1921, the Melbourne Mint struck its second kookaburra halfpenny. We refer to it as the Type 2. The mint tested a further two kookaburra penny designs referred to as the Type 11 and Type 12.

Those coins dated 1921 are the most readily available of the series and for collectors this is indeed a plus because they are the most affordable entry point into this very exciting series. 

Our estimates on the numbers of 1921 kookaburra coins available to private collectors.

Type 2 Kookaburra Halfpenny             9

Type 11 Kookaburra Penny                20

Type 12 Kookaburra Penny                40

Collectors have many options when it comes to the Kookaburra coin series. All of them are exciting and importantly, they are achievable.

• You can buy one Kookaburra Penny.
  And savour the moment of possessing one of Australia’s classic coin rarities. We have not met a client that hasn’t enjoyed the experience of owning a Kookaburra Square coin. They are engaging. And they are prestigious.
   
• You can buy one Kookaburra Halfpenny.
  As you can see from our article, the Kookaburra Halfpenny is an elusive and yet integral element of the Kookaburra coin series. And so, a natural choice for those buyers who have a prime investment focus.

• You can buy a Kookaburra Penny and a Kookaburra Halfpenny.
  The easiest pairing here is the 1921 Square Penny and 1921 Square Halfpenny. Extremely rare as a pair.
   
• Buy a Date Set.
  Many collectors strive to acquire a date set of Kookaburra Pennies. Three coins, one struck in 1919, 1920 and 1921. Your pick of design.
   
• Buy a Date Set. And add the Halfpenny.
  Collectors that have followed the date set pathway nine times out of ten opt for a Kookaburra Halfpenny, just to complete a run of four.
   
• And we also have several collectors that are moving to acquire the lot!
  Every Kookaburra Penny and Kookaburra Halfpenny design that is available to collectors. Challenging and yet achievable. One client has done it. And we know that two collectors are very close to completion.

The history of the Kookaburra Coins continued ....

The Melbourne Mint commenced striking Australia's Commonwealth copper pennies in 1919. No sooner had the mint started issuing the coins, than it was directed by Treasury to commence testing an entirely new penny concept, a square coin made from cupro-nickel.

In many ways the Government's proposal was way ahead of its time. Australia did eventually introduce cupro-nickel coinage, but some 47 years later, when the nation went onto decimal currency in 1966.

The introduction of the Kookaburra Square Penny underpinned an attempt by the then Labor Government to stir up national sentiment post World War I. To evoke the great 'Aussie' spirit.

If you think about it. Putting the nation’s native bird - the kookaburra - onto a coin was a no-brainer to achieving that goal. A drastically changed shape, a square. And a new metal - - cupronickel was part of the total package to maximise impact on the population.

The proposal was contentious in that the monarch, King George V, was to be depicted on the obverse without a crown. Some say it was the rumblings of a Republican movement way ahead of its time.

Trials commenced at the Melbourne Mint in 1919 and continued until 1921 with the test pieces ultimately passed to dignitaries and Government officials to assess their reaction. It is believed that over the three year period 200 pieces, of various designs, were produced.

The response to Australia’s square coinage was however poor. There was widespread public resistance to change, while the elderly rejected the small size of the coins.

Sadly, in 1921 and after three years of testing, the scheme fell apart. The response to Australia’s square coinage was poor with widespread public resistance to change and people generally rejecting the small size of the coins.

However, the final decision not to proceed seems to have been based mainly on another consideration – the large number of vending machines then in operation requiring a circular coin.

The Kookaburra Pennies that remain today are relics of our past, and the sentiment that they stir up in the current market is collector sentiment, driven by their novel shape. And with only 200 believed to exist, collector thirst is driven by their extreme rarity.

For many collectors the fascination with the Kookaburra Penny and Halfpenny takes them on a journey to acquire more than one example. The coins are engaging and their rarity offers collectors the challenge they so often seek.

The Square Pennies were test pieces. They were not struck to the exacting standards of proof coining. Given to dignitaries to assess their reaction, there was no packaging and we know that not every dignitary was a collector and would have handled them with care.

Some of the coins must have been tucked into a fob pocket for they have circulated. Others could have rattled around a top desk drawer. Or passed around to colleagues … introducing multi possibilities of mishandling.

It is noted that the Kookaburra Square Pennies tone, some more strongly than others, a reflection on their storage in the intervening years.

A Square Penny with minimal, attractive toning and beautiful surfaces is a joy to behold. And a prized classic Australian coin rarity.